Ambient temperature sensor on Kalina: DTOZH operation

Temperature sensor Lada Kalina

The Lada Kalina family car is equipped with over ten digital sensors that monitor the operation of mechanisms and assemblies.
Most often, drivers complain about premature wear of the coolant temperature sensor (hereinafter referred to as DTOZH). They say it displays incorrect data, and sometimes is completely inactive. The process of replacing the DTOZ yourself is not at all complicated. The task can be done by a driver without experience in servicing equipment.

If you have never encountered replacing standard equipment, then this article is a recommendation to help you.

How to check the ambient temperature sensor?

The easiest way is to replace the sensor with a known good one. If you have an ohmmeter, you can measure the resistance at its terminals and compare it with the data from the table:

On a Lada Vesta car, to check the sensor, it is proposed to assemble an electrical circuit: Then apply voltage U = 3.2 V ± 1% to the sensor through a constant resistance R = 4420 Ohm ± 1%, which simulates the instrument cluster. Using the voltage Ux, determine the resistance of the sensor. Data to check in the table:

Manufacturer's recommendations: Check the sensor by immersing the sensor in a reservoir with silicone liquid at a certain temperature, after 3 minutes of exposure, measure the voltage Ux.

Note: In summer, in traffic jams, the readings of the outside air temperature may be too high, because... the sensor is not blown with air, and is heated by the hot asphalt and engine.

What temperature sensors are installed

The principle of operation of the DTOZH is as follows: after receiving data on the current antifreeze temperature, the measuring device sends the readings to the electronic control unit of the ECU.

The on-board computer compares the received data with the programmed ones. In case of discrepancy, an error is indicated on the dashboard. The owner of the car, seeing a system error, decides on the nature of the breakdown and visits a service station to order a comprehensive diagnosis.

In addition to the DTOZH, the Lada Kalina car is equipped with an external temperature sensor (hereinafter referred to as the DNT). However, not on all trim levels, but only on Lux and Premium.

If desired, the owner can install the measuring equipment himself. The installation work is not at all difficult. In time no more than an hour.

DTOZH is designed to monitor the temperature of antifreeze in the cooling system circuit of the power unit. After receiving the “degree” data, the ECU increases or decreases the speed of the power unit in order to adjust the temperature.

The quality composition of the fuel mixture depends on the accuracy of the DTOZ readings. The service life of the sensor is unlimited, with the exception of mechanical damage or short circuit in the circuit.

Where it is located: the standard installation location is the outer part of the thermostat housing. The base is screwed into the thermostat body. Two power contacts are connected to the upper part for power supply from the on-board network.

A melting element is installed inside the DTOZh base. As soon as the antifreeze degree reaches “90”, the contacts close and the on-board computer signals an error.

Next, the driver decides on the advisability of stopping the car immediately, carrying out preventive maintenance, or calling a tow truck.

Catalog articles, prices of temperature sensors for Lada Kalina:

The device is installed in the mounting location of the front bumper, to the left of the center of the radiator grille. The DNT shape is conical with two contacts on the back side.

The fuse in the mounting block at number 24 is responsible for the operation of the DNT. The absence of temperature readings on the dashboard is the first sign of a malfunction.

Outdoor Air Temperature Sensor Grant

External air temperature sensor for Lada Granta , Kalina 2, Kalina

These bolts have a silicone insert, which makes closing the door softer and reduces noise from the locks. Installed on standard locks without modifications.

Self-adhesive rubber seal. Designed to eliminate gaps between the front and rear doors. Applicability: Lada Granta (VAZ 2190, 2191); Lada Kalina (VAZ 1117, 1118, 1119); Lada Kalina 2 (VAZ 2192, 2194); Lada Largus.

Production: Kirzhach. The price is for 2 pcs.

The decorative handbrake handle will be an excellent replacement for the standard one. Will give the interior of your car an elegant style. Applicability: VAZ 2101-07, 2108-15, 2110-12, Lada Priora, Kalina, Kalina 2, Granta.

Rubber threshold seal. Applicability: Lada Granta (VAZ 2190, 2191); Lada Kalina (VAZ 1117, 1118, 1119); Lada Kalina 2 (VAZ 2192, 2194); Datsun on-Do, mi-Do. The kit includes 4 seals.

External temperature sensor Lada Granta

Replacing the outside air temperature sensor

for Lada
Granta
.

READ How to install mcheli mod

Outside air temperature sensor Lada Kalina

Video about where the outside air temperature sensor

by car Lada Kalina Subscribe.

Since the standard radio does not have a standard shape, to install a new, more productive 2 DIN radio, this frame must be present. It eliminates cracks and gaps that may remain due to different shapes.

The frame is made of high quality plastic. Installation does not require special skills; it is attached to a regular place using self-tapping screws. Designed for installation in cars: Lada Kalina 2 (VAZ 2192, 2194).

Moldings serve as protection against any contact with the car door. They will keep the paint and varnish coating of the car doors intact, and therefore are a very useful element for novice drivers. In addition, they succinctly fit into the design of the car.

The rear window deflector performs several useful functions at once.

Firstly, it serves as a spoiler to increase the downforce of the car at high speeds, and secondly, it reduces the amount of water and drops on the rear window during rain, because

When driving, the drops fly off the visor itself, and do not roll down onto the window. Installation is quite simple due to the self-adhesive inner surface. Applicability: Lada Granta (VAZ 2190).

The headlight electric corrector is designed to change the angle of the headlight beam, depending on the vehicle load, in automatic mode.

Pay for goods by credit card, using QIWI, Yandex.Money or WebMoney and save on your purchase from 4%, avoiding postal and bank commissions

How to independently replace temperature sensors on a Lada Kalina car

• Open-end wrench set to “19”;
• Rags;
• Additional lighting as needed;
• New "measuring device".

• We install Lada Kalina in the perimeter of the repair area;
• We turn off the engine, open the hood;
• We provide priority safety measures: block the rear row of wheels with wheel chocks, squeeze the parking brake;
• Remove the terminals from the DTOZH, unscrew the sensor with a key;
• We replace the device with a new one, screw it in, and put on the power terminals again.

We turn the key in the ignition, activate it, and check the functionality of the equipment. Add the missing amount of antifreeze as needed.

We don’t need any special tools; we’ll limit ourselves to a screwdriver, wires, terminals, and a new device.

Sequence of actions when replacing DNT with your own hands:

• We place the Lada Kalina on a flat platform, squeeze the parking brake for safety reasons;
• Open the hood and remove the power terminals from the battery. This is necessary in order to prevent short circuits in the circuit during work;
• To the left (right) of the center of the front bumper, screw the sensor onto one self-tapping screw;
• We lay the power cables inside the engine compartment through technological holes;
• We install wiring under the dashboard;
• We remove the instrument panel and connect the outputs to the CAM bus;
• We assemble the structure in reverse order;
• We put the power terminals on the battery.

We start the engine and check the functionality of the measuring device. Equipment replacement has been completed.

General information about the sensor

DTOZH on the Lada Kalina should not be confused with an external sensor for outside air temperature or interior temperature. To begin with, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with basic information about this device. In total, Kalina uses two regulators - one of them goes to the control unit, and the second goes to the dashboard, where the temperature of the power unit is displayed.

Location

The regulator in Kaliny is mounted in a thermostat. Finding this device is not so difficult, since its installation location is identical for many VAZ models. As for the controller, which displays information on the control panel, it is located nearby.

Purpose and principle of operation

The purpose of the regulator is to monitor the temperature of the engine or coolant. It should be noted that this procedure depends on the voltage - on a warm internal combustion engine it is lower, and on a cold one it is high. The temperature regime of the motor affects many features of its operation. The DTO ECU also sees when the cooling system fan needs to be turned on.

Thanks to the operation of the coolant temperature sensor, the ECM performs the following functions:

1. Setting the ignition angle. DTOZH monitors the volume of exhaust gases, and thanks to the correct ignition settings, their quantity will be lower. This, in turn, allows for more efficient operation of the power unit.
2. Fuel enrichment. If the temperature is too low, a signal will be sent to the injectors, preventing possible fluctuations when the engine warms up. This procedure allows you to ensure its normal operation at idle.
3. DTOZH records all changes occurring in open and closed loop conditions. If the regulator fails, the signals will be transmitted from the lambda probe, but they will not receive feedback, which, in turn, will contribute to a deterioration in idle speed (the author of the video about diagnosing the device is the Vehicle Device and Repair channel).

As for the principle of operation, complex processes always occur inside the power unit. If the engine is cold, a rich air-fuel mixture will be needed to warm it up, and if the engine overheats, then a large volume of this mixture can lead to engine failure. If the DTOZH is operating in normal mode, then all information regarding the engine temperature will be displayed on the dashboard. If there is a break in the electrical circuit, this will lead to a violation of the indicators; accordingly, the system can supply an enriched mixture when it is not needed. In turn, this leads to increased gasoline consumption.

As a result, wear and tear on engine components increases, which leads to increased emissions into the environment. If a short circuit occurs in the electrical circuit, the ECU will perceive signals from the DTOZH as the engine overheating, and accordingly, it will begin to supply a lean mixture. And if in fact there is no overheating, then this can lead to less efficient operation of the power unit, as a result of which its stability and power decreases.

Lada Granta!Swallow! › Logbook › Installing an ambient temperature sensor.

Good day everyone! The idea is not mine, it was found on the Internet. In general, I read that on a Grant with dashboard firmware from 090 and higher, it is possible to implement control of the air temperature outside the car. To do this, you will need the temperature sensor itself (catalog numbers: 21150-3828210-00, 21150-3828210-02 and 21150-3828210-03)

You also need a wire (I used ShVVP 2x0.5), 4mm and 6mm heat-shrinkable tubes, and you need zip ties to secure the wire.

First, you need to put a large cambric on the wire itself, then cut it and make one conductor a centimeter longer than the second (so that after twisting with the sensor, the places of the twists are slightly shifted relative to each other. On the sensor, we also shorten one of the conductors and put it on each of them along a small cambric so that they can cover the twisting points each on their own conductor.

when the small cambrics are in place of the twists, you need to warm them up so that they settle in place, and only then move the large cambric onto them (previously put on the cable) and warm it up with a lighter. Thus, we will provide additional protection and reliability to the twists.

Under the bumper there is a ready-made mounting location for the sensor. It is located under the radiator a little to the right of the middle. From this installation location we stretch the cable to the dashboard connector.

One wire of the cable is routed into the connector (it is very easy to disassemble). You need to connect it to terminal 25 (between the red and white wires with a black stripe), if you look at the photo, it will be the second contact on the left in the top row! I made the second cable wire into a ring and placed it under the bolt (located to the right-bottom of the dashboard

Now you can secure the sensor, install all the connectors in place and try to start the engine. If everything is in order, the firmware is not lower than 090 and you have not made a mistake with the dashboard contact, then additional information about the air temperature outside the car’s cabin will appear on the panel. To see it, you need to switch information display modes.

Replacement Guide

How is the sensor replaced and in what cases is it necessary to replace the DTOZH? First, let's talk about the malfunctions (the author of the video is Vladimir Tupotilov).

In what cases should the regulator be changed?

If you doubt the functionality of the regulator, you must first carry out a visual diagnosis. The device must show no signs of damage, cracks, or corrosion; the wiring must be intact.

The main symptoms of regulator failure:

• malfunctions of the power unit, especially at idle speed;
• reduced engine power;
• difficult starting and random stopping of the engine;
• increased fuel consumption;
• On the dashboard, the sensor arrow indicates overheating of the internal combustion engine, although in fact it is not.

It is advisable to make the replacement when the engine has cooled down to avoid burns!

Stages

You don't need any specific tools for replacement. Prepare only a screwdriver, a ratchet, and a socket with an extension.

To ensure that replacing the DTOZh does not cause difficulties, you should first unscrew the clamp of the intake line, which goes from the air filter element to the throttle:

1. Pull the line and move it a little to the side so that it is out of the way, so you can get easier access to the regulator. Disconnect the battery, since you will have to turn off the power to the controller, and all work related to interfering with the operation of the on-board network must be carried out with the battery disconnected.
2. So, DTOZH is in front of you. Now you need to disconnect the power connector, at this stage there should be no problems, since the plug itself is attached in the same way as other sensors. To disconnect, you just need to lift the mount up and pull the connector.
3. Next, using an extension cord with a deep head, you need to unscrew the controller. If at this stage the pipe is in the way, try moving it further to the side with one hand, and at this moment install the head with the other. Next, use a ratchet to unscrew the regulator itself.
4. Once the threads are loosened, the device can be unscrewed by hand and removed completely. Having done this, you can replace the regulator with a new one; all further assembly steps are performed in the reverse order. As you can see, in general the replacement procedure is not particularly complicated, so it is quite possible to change the regulator at home. You will need no more than 20 minutes to replace, especially since this way you can save money.

Where is the coolant temperature sensor located on Kalina?

DTOZH on Lada Kalina, like on any other vehicle, performs its own special functions. They involve taking temperature readings from the coolant and then transferring them to the computer.

According to this data, the computer determines how much enriched fuel to send to the system, what speed to set the engine for optimal operation, and also determines the need to turn on the fans.

In a VAZ car of this model, the engine is equipped with two engine temperature sensors.

It is worth knowing the difference so that, if necessary, you do not confuse them with each other.

The first of them is the antifreeze temperature sensor itself. It is located in the area of ​​the thermostat and its sensitive element is immersed directly in the coolant.

The second sensor - the coolant temperature indicator - is located in the cylinder head and transmits data to the on-board computer.

The operation of both devices is important, and their failure can cause a lot of problems, especially if corrective measures are not taken in time.

The antifreeze heating detector makes it possible to monitor the following aspects of engine operation:

1. activation of fans when it is necessary to cool the engine;
2. adjustment of the ignition angle, thereby optimizing the composition of exhaust gases, which allows minimizing their harmful impact on the environment;
3. enrichment of the fuel mixture - equalizing the ratio of fuel to air, based on the level of engine heating.

Temperature sensors for Lada Kalina

There are two sensors.

Both sensors are located under the air filter housing, which must be removed to replace or check the sensors.

One is responsible for the readings on the instrument panel, the second provides data to the car's ECU. It is in the ECU that it is written at what temperature the cooling fan must be turned on.

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• About the expert:

Peter Volgogradsky

I am the editor-in-chief of the site. In our editorial office: Hyundai Accent, Hyundai Solaris, Hyundai Santa FE (turbo-diesel 2015). I now have a Lada Kalina LUX (98 horses). A car fanatic, he has owned both left and right hand drive cars. Robots, CVTs, mechanics. The only thing missing was DSG. But it will be soon.

Sensor design and operating features

Both sensors operate on the same principle, but differ in size, thread diameter and connectors.

The main element of the temperature sensor used on Kalinas is a thermistor . This is a resistor that changes its resistance depending on temperature. The element is located in a sealed metal case. It has a thread for installation. On the outside of the sensor there is a plastic plug with contacts. One is connected to ground, the second to the electronic control unit.

Engine temperature sensor device.

For normal operation of the element, constant power is required. Voltage - 5 V comes from the ECU through a constant resistor. The thermistor temperature coefficient is negative. This means that as the temperature increases, its resistance will decrease. The voltage supplied to the sensor also decreases. The electronic control unit has a built-in algorithm that allows you to calculate the temperature value from the voltage drop.

The temperature sensor is located on Kalina:

1. In the cylinder head next to the thermostat.
2. On the thermostat housing.

Sensor on the block.

Thermostat sensor.

The location depends on the vehicle year and engine model. In any case, it is located near the pipe through which hot antifreeze enters the cooling radiator.

Signs of breakdown

Due to the simple design of the element, its reliability is high. But sometimes problems happen.

The most common is a violation of calibration due to a change in the resistance of the sensor. In this case, the electronic control unit will not be able to correctly compose the mixture and set the ignition timing.

A clear sign of a breakdown is that the blower fan does not turn on when the temperature rises.

If the DTOZ on Kalina breaks down, the on-board computer will display error No. 4 , 0117 (low signal from the temperature sensor) or 0303 (misfire in cylinder 3).

Error code – P0117 (low signal level from coolant temperature sensor 1).

Before purchasing a new sensor, you need to make sure that there are no breaks in the circuit connecting it to the ECU and that the contacts are not oxidized.

In the absence of a signal, the idle speed may increase, detonation may occur, and fuel consumption may increase.

• When cold, the engine may start and immediately stall.
• Hot combustion chambers may be filled with gasoline - due to an incorrect signal, the ECU supplies the mixture too rich .

Operating principle of the coolant temperature sensor

The device that measures the temperature of antifreeze is a negative temperature coefficient mechanism.

The operation of the thermistor is based on the conversion of thermal data into resistance numbers, which are smaller the stronger the heating of the antifreeze.

Knowing these principles, you can check the performance of the device yourself, having at hand only a thermometer with a sufficiently wide measurement scale and a universal measuring device (multimeter).

Signs of a DTOZ malfunction are easy to recognize, but it is worth knowing that they do not always indicate a breakdown of this particular sensor. These failures may indicate a breakdown of the engine ventilation system, damaged wiring, or damaged contacts.

Temperature sensor Lada Kalina

If the Kalina coolant temperature sensor fails, the following processes can be observed:

• exhaust gases have an uncharacteristic color and composition, polluting the environment;
• fuel consumption increases sharply due to the fact that incorrect detector data forces the system to enrich the air-fuel mixture more even when this is absolutely not required;
• consumption and coolant increase, since under conditions of constant overheating of the engine it is produced ahead of time or simply boils away;
• malfunctions in the engine, which manifest themselves in the following moments - it is difficult to start, difficult to stop, it periodically stalls, and also idles very poorly;
• the fans cooling the motor are constantly running (or, on the contrary, they are not working, which is much worse, since this can lead to the motor boiling and its complete failure);
• blinking of the detector on the dashboard, as well as a message on the on-board computer screen with the corresponding error code.

External temperature sensor on Kalina

This device is used, as a rule, to optimize the operation of climate control and, together with a temperature sensor in the cabin, help maintain an optimal microclimate inside the car, thanks to which the trip becomes comfortable.

The outside temperature sensor is located behind the bumper radiator grille, which will need to be removed if there is a need to replace the device.

What are the signs of a bad sensor?

First of all, this is a discrepancy between the temperature on the control panel and the actual data. That is, if it’s frosty outside the window, and the device claims that it’s +15 there, this is a good reason to pay attention to it.

It is not uncommon for an error to occur that causes the detector to show -40 degrees Celsius, regardless of the weather.

In any case, if the discrepancy with the actual temperature is more than seven degrees, it is necessary to check the serviceability of the analyzer.

You should not lose sight of the entire system in which the device operates - these signs may also indicate that the wiring connecting the detector to the computer is damaged, or the contacts have oxidized.

For what reason can the Kalina ambient temperature sensor break down?

Due to its rather open location, this device can be damaged by a variety of factors:

1. mechanical reasons - a stone hitting the detector body can easily damage it;
2. low ambient temperatures;
3. the third reason, already mentioned above, can lead to the device breaking down - malfunctioning wiring or oxidation of contacts.

Replacing the sensor

• The process of installing a new device should begin with a complete blackout of the car (disconnecting the battery);
• after this, the radiator grille is removed (nothing complicated, just unscrew two bolts);
• the sensor is de-energized and disconnected from its socket;

• the serviceability of the device is checked and, if it breaks, a new one is installed in its place;
• the wires are connected, the grille is put in place, the battery is turned back on;
• All that remains is to start the engine and check the operation of the climate control.

How is the sensor replaced?

It would not be amiss to mention once again that the symptoms described above can be caused not only by a malfunction of the coolant detector.

It is worth paying attention to the fans, checking their functionality, assessing the integrity of the wiring (breaks, breaks), the quality of contacts and terminals (oxidation, rust, mechanical damage), and also inspecting the device located in the cylinder head, since the pointer sensor may also cause data malfunctions.

So. First of all, the engine is cooled if the car was running before the repair.

After the driver has made sure that the engine has cooled down, you can begin replacing:

1. De-energize the vehicle system by removing the negative terminal from the battery. If you are not so experienced in repair work under the hood, you can remove both terminals to be sure;
2. drain the antifreeze. In all brands of cars, DTOZH are in direct contact with the measurement environment. This means that when removing the sensor from its socket, if the coolant is not drained first, it will rush in all directions, flooding important parts of the car. It's not very good;
3. After you have collected the coolant in a container prepared for this, you can begin to dismantle the sensor. You can first disconnect the pipe, which makes it a little difficult to see and access the desired device. Over time, you can get the hang of doing all the manipulations without it, but first it is recommended to disconnect it. Some car owners remove the air filter housing to have more free space;

Kalina car: replacing the coolant temperature sensor

Kalina coolant temperature sensor is an ordinary thermostat. It acts as a resistor, the resistance of which varies depending on the temperature. In short, this element is called dtozh. It is based on a negative temperature coefficient thermistor. Its resistance is directly dependent on temperature.

How to replace the ambient temperature sensor on Kalina?

The vehicle system is equipped with a variety of instruments that measure this or that indicator, which are aimed at ensuring the most comfortable operating conditions and functioning of the car.
Some types of analyzers are vital, for example, DTOZH - coolant temperature detector. It monitors the level of heating of the cooler, thanks to which the system can regulate the operation of the engine ventilation complex, the level of fuel enrichment and speed.

External air temperature sensor

Other devices are not so indispensable in a car, but their use helps make the use of the car more comfortable and the trip more enjoyable.

Such devices include an external air temperature sensor.

This device should not be confused with an intake air temperature detector, which helps the engine operate properly. Both of them can carry the abbreviation DTVV, so you should be doubly careful when it comes to these devices.

general information

Every modern car has a coolant temperature sensor. It plays an important role in the functioning of many systems.

In Kalina 2, this element is located in the thermostat housing. It was as if it had been screwed into it and then connected to the controller input. It, in turn, is connected to the main voltage source via a resistor. A low temperature indicator provokes a high resistance, an increased value - a decreased one. This is the principle of operation of the device.

The controller monitors the temperature of the coolant. This process is completely voltage dependent. When the engine is cold it is high, but when the engine is warm, on the contrary, it is low. The engine temperature affects many characteristics, the performance of which is controlled by the controller.

Thanks to this element, the control system performs the following functions:

• sets the ignition (its advance or retard);
• enriches with gasoline;
• captures changes in closed and open loop conditions.

The coolant temperature sensor monitors the volume of exhaust gases. Correct setting of the ignition angle guarantees its low amount. In this case, the operation of the motor is considered more rational.

Gasoline enrichment. At low temperatures, a pulse is instantly sent to the injectors, thereby eliminating fluctuations during engine overheating. This process ensures optimal engine operation at idle.

Changes and control under closed and open loop conditions. If the indicator breaks, pulses will come from the oxygen sensor, but they will not receive feedback. This will lead to poor idle performance. The operation of many vehicle systems is disrupted.

If problems arise with the performance of the element, the antifreeze circulation pattern is studied. The main symptom of problems with the cooling sensor is the rapid consumption of this liquid.

Where is it located and when should it be changed?

The coolant sensor on the Lada Kalina is screwed into the thermostat. It is not difficult to detect; its location is the same for many VAZ cars. The sensor that transmits readings to the device is located nearby. A wire comes from it that requires replacement if it breaks. Locating the engine temperature sensor is not difficult. It's hard to detect if it's broken.

The elements themselves last for a long time. However, when installing a low-quality device, its service life is significantly reduced. The new sensor may fail after a couple of months. It must be replaced if there is no response from the device. This is not difficult to notice; the arrow just lies there and does not show any data. The second symptom is increased fuel consumption.

Many car owners note that their antifreeze is running out. At the same time, there is no response from the cooling fan. If the car overheats, it does not work. At this point, you need to track where the antifreeze goes (you need to examine the entire cooling system), check for the presence/absence of leaks and inspect the sensor.

If deviations occur on the part of the cooling element, it is recommended to monitor how many liters of antifreeze are “leaving” and how quickly.

How to make a replacement

Before making a replacement, you need to make sure that the problem lies in the sensor. The first step is to drain the coolant. To eliminate dangerous situations, it is necessary to disconnect the wires from the minus terminal. Naturally, this is done on a battery. The liquid is partially drained, then it is refilled. It could be antifreeze or antifreeze.

To facilitate replacement on Kalina 2, it is necessary to remove the air filter. It does not pose any danger and is removed solely for convenience. Then the plastic clamp is wrung out and the harness connector is disconnected from the sensor. Next, the element is unscrewed from the thermostat housing. Using an ohmmeter you need to measure its resistance. If it does not match the engine temperature, it must be replaced.

The new element is installed in the reverse order. After which the antifreeze is replaced. The procedure is simple, you can do it yourself. If there is no positive result, you must go to a service station. It is possible that Lada Kalina has experienced additional problems.

There is no need to delay replacing the element. Violations in its operation provoke problems with the functioning of other vehicle systems. It is worth noting that replacing antifreeze or antifreeze is a mandatory manipulation.